New dwarf galaxies discovered in orbit around the Milky Way

Tree of the four VLT Auxiliary Telescopes at the European Southern Observatory’s Paranal Observatory in Chile pictured beneath the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds — the region of sky where the new dwarf galaxies were found. Image credit: ESO/Y. Beletsky
A team of astronomers from the University of Cambridge have identified nine new dwarf satellites orbiting the Milky Way, the largest number ever discovered at once. The findings, from newly-released imaging data taken from the Dark Energy Survey, may help unravel the mysteries behind dark matter, the invisible substance holding galaxies together. The new results also mark the first discovery of dwarf galaxies — small celestial objects that orbit larger galaxies — in a decade, after dozens were found in 2005 and 2006 in the skies above the Northern Hemisphere. The new satellites were found in the Southern Hemisphere near the Large and Small Magellanic Cloud, the largest and most well-known dwarf galaxies in the Milky Way’s orbit. The Cambridge findings were jointly released March 10th with the results of a separate survey by astronomers with the Dark Energy Survey, headquartered at the US Department of Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Both teams used the publicly available data taken during the first year of the Dark Energy Survey to carry out their analysis.

This animation shows how difficult it is to spot dwarf galaxy candidates in the Dark Energy Camera’s images. The first image is a snapshot of DES J0335.6-5403, a celestial object found with the Dark Energy Camera. It is the most likely of the newly discovered candidates to be a galaxy, according to DES scientists. This object sits roughly 100,000 light-years from Earth, and contains very few stars — only about 300 could be detected with DES data. The second image shows the detectable stars that likely belong to this object, with all other visible matter blacked out. Dwarf satellite galaxies are so faint that it takes an extremely sensitive instrument like the Dark Energy Camera to find them. More analysis is required to confirm if any of the newly discovered objects are in fact galaxies. Image credit: Fermilab/Dark Energy Survey
The newly discovered objects are a billion times dimmer than the Milky Way, and a million times less massive. The closest is about 95,000 light-years away, while the most distant is more than a million light-years away. According to the Cambridge team, three of the discovered objects are definite dwarf galaxies, while others could be either dwarf galaxies or globular clusters — objects with similar visible properties to dwarf galaxies, but not held together with dark matter. “The discovery of so many satellites in such a small area of the sky was completely unexpected,” said Dr. Sergey Koposov of Cambridge’s Institute of Astronomy, the study’s lead author. “I could not believe my eyes.” Dwarf galaxies are the smallest galaxy structures observed, the faintest of which contain just 5,000 stars — the Milky Way, in contrast, contains hundreds of billions of stars. Standard cosmological models of the universe predict the existence of hundreds of dwarf galaxies in orbit around the Milky Way, but their dimness and small size makes them incredibly difficult to find, even in our own ‘backyard.’ “The large dark matter content of Milky Way satellite galaxies makes this a significant result for both astronomy and physics,” said Alex Drlica-Wagner of Fermilab, one of the leaders of the Dark Energy Survey analysis. Since they contain up to 99 percent dark matter and just one percent observable matter, dwarf galaxies are ideal for testing whether existing dark matter models are correct. Dark matter — which makes up 25 percent of all matter and energy in our universe — is invisible, and only makes its presence known through its gravitational pull. “Dwarf satellites are the final frontier for testing our theories of dark matter,” said Dr. Vasily Belokurov of the Institute of Astronomy, one of the study’s co-authors. “We need to find them to determine whether our cosmological picture makes sense. Finding such a large group of satellites near the Magellanic Clouds was surprising, though, as earlier surveys of the southern sky found very little, so we were not expecting to stumble on such treasure.” The closest of these pieces of ‘treasure’ is 97,000 light-years away, about halfway to the Magellanic Clouds, and is located in the constellation of Reticulum, or the Reticle. Due to the massive tidal forces of the Milky Way, it is in the process of being torn apart. The most distant and most luminous of these objects is 1.2 million light-years away in the constellation of Eridanus, or the River. It is right on the fringes of the Milky Way, and is about to get pulled in. According to the Cambridge team, it looks to have a small globular cluster of stars, which would make it the faintest galaxy to possess one. “These results are very puzzling,” said co-author Wyn Evans, also of the Institute of Astronomy. “Perhaps they were once satellites that orbited the Magellanic Clouds and have been thrown out by the interaction of the Small and Large Magellanic Cloud. Perhaps they were once part of a gigantic group of galaxies that — along with the Magellanic Clouds — are falling into our Milky Way galaxy.” The Dark Energy Survey is a five-year effort to photograph a large portion of the southern sky in unprecedented detail. Its primary tool is the Dark Energy Camera, which — at 570 megapixels — is the most powerful digital camera in the world, able to see galaxies up to eight billion light-years from Earth. Built and tested at Fermilab, the camera is now mounted on the four-metre Victor M. Blanco telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in the Andes Mountains in Chile. The camera includes five precisely shaped lenses, the largest nearly a yard across, designed and fabricated at University College London (UCL) and funded by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).