Chaotic Earths

Introduction: A "chaotic Earth" could exist in a planetary system in which a neighboring planet has "year" that is an integer multiple of another planet's "year," and if the orbital planes are not aligned. The affected planet's orbit can become very elongated and even flip all the way over, such that the two planets are revolving in opposite senses. These planets would have unpredictable climates, perhaps becoming inhospitable for millions of year at a time. Here, the potentially habitable planet is perturbed by a Neptune-mass planet on a three-year orbit and has an elongated orbit, which would make it relatively hot. As such it is mostly dry, but some seas remain, including one which contains the stellar glint, a feature astronomers will look for as it reveals the presence of surface liquids.

New research by University of Washington astronomer Rory Barnes and co-authors describes possible planetary systems where a gravitational nudge from one planet with just the right orbital configuration and tilt could have a mild to devastating effect on the orbit and climate of another, possibly habitable world.

Their findings have been accepted for publication in theAstrophysical Journal.

The magnitude of the chaos can range widely, Barnes said, from planets whose orbits remain largely circular to those "whose orbits get so elongated that a planet could slam into its host star -- an extreme form of climate change!"

Even if the effect isn't that dramatic, the orbit -- thus the climate, as orbit is a primary driver of climate -- could still be severe enough to inhibit life, or sterilize the planet if life has already begun, Barnes said.

The particular effect they studied is called a "mean motion resonance" and it comes into play when two planets' orbital periods are an integer ratio of each other, such as Neptune orbiting the sun three times for every time Pluto orbits twice. A repetitive force, like a gravitational nudge, happens at the same place in the planets' orbits around the star, the effect of which grows slowly over millions of years.

This can happen to a planet in its star's habitable zone, the swath of space around it that's just right to allow an orbiting rocky planet to have water in liquid form on its surface, thus giving life a chance. Barnes calls such worlds "chaotic Earths" and suggests making them lower priorities in the search for life.

Another condition for this orbital bullying is "mutual inclination," meaning that the two planets are angled toward each other in space. Planets in our solar system all lie along the same plane in space, and are called coplanar, but not all planetary systems are like that. So Barnes and colleagues decided to "kick up" inclinations between planets in computer models and study the result.

"That was the basic idea," he said. "What happens when you have planets that are in this resonance and with mutual inclinations?

"And what we found was that things go all haywire. Those little perturbations that keep happening at the same point cause one of the orbits to do some crazy things -- even flip over entirely -- and then kind of come back to where it was before. It was pretty unexpected for us."

If the fluctuations are small, such worlds might yet retain their chance of life and be worth further study. But if they are dramatic, astronomers should probably look elsewhere.

"Planets in systems that drive orbits to near-misses with the host stars are less promising targets and should be skipped over for other candidates," Barnes said, "even if they are found today on circular orbits in the habitable zone."

Further computer modeling will help researchers distinguish between these two possibilities, he said.

Powerful tools such as the James Webb Space Telescope will come online in a few years, able to determine the atmospheres of exoplanets, or those outside the solar system. But the work will be expensive, so astronomers will need to choose their objects of study wisely, Barnes said.

Barnes is lead author of the study. Co-authors are Thomas Quinn and Russell Deitrick, UW astronomy professor and graduate student, respectively; Richard Greenberg of the University of Arizona and Sean Raymond of Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux in France.

The research was done through the Virtual Planetary Laboratory, a UW-based interdisciplinary research group, and funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation.

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